When was the first printer invented ?

 : Answer

In 1953 Remington-Rand developed the first high-speed printer for use on the Univac computer. Later in 1938 Chester Carlson invented a dry printing process called electro-photography which is the foundation technology for laser printers today.

A Brief History of Air Conditioning

1758 All liquid evaporation has a cooling effect. Benjamin "I invented everything" Franklin and Cambridge University professor John Hadley discover that evaporation of alcohol and other volatile liquids, which evaporate faster than water, can cool down an object enough to freeze water. 

1820 Inventor Michael Faraday makes the same discovery in England when he compresses and liquifies ammonia. 

1830s At the Florida hospital where he works, Dr. John Gorrie builds an ice-making machine that uses compression to make buckets of ice and then blows air over them. He patents the idea in 1851, imagining his invention cooling buildings all over the world. But without any financial backing, his dream melts away. 

1881 After an assassin shoots President James Garfield on July 2, naval engineers build a boxy makeshift cooling unit to keep him cool and comfortable. The device is filled with water-soaked cloth and a fan blows hot air overhead and keeps cool air closer to the ground. The good news: This device can lower room temperature by up to 20 F. The bad news: It uses a half-million pounds of ice in two months… and President Garfield still dies. up to 20 F. The bad news: It uses a half-million pounds of ice in two months… and President Garfield still dies. 

1902 Willis Carrier invents the Apparatus for Treating Air for the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Co. in Brooklyn, N.Y. The machine blows air over cold coils to control room temperature and humidity, keeping paper from wrinkling and ink aligned. Finding that other factories want to get in on the cooling action, Carrier establishes the Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America. 

1906 Stuart Cramer, a textile mill engineer in North Carolina, creates a ventilating device that adds water vapor to the air of textile plants. The humidity makes yarn easier to spin and less likely to break. He's the first to call this process "air conditioning." 

1914 Air conditioning comes home for the first time. The unit in the Minneapolis mansion of Charles Gates is approximately 7 feet high, 6 feet wide, 20 feet long and possibly never used because no one ever lived in the house. 

1931 H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman invent an individual room air conditioner that sits on a window ledge—a design that's been ubiquitous in apartment buildings ever since. The units are available for purchase a year later and are only enjoyed by the people least likely to work up a sweat—the wealthy. (The large cooling systems cost between $10,000 and $50,000. That's equivalent to $120,000 to $600,000 today.) work up a sweat—the wealthy. (The large cooling systems cost between $10,000 and $50,000. That's equivalent to $120,000 to $600,000 today.) 

1939 Packard invents the coolest ride in town: the first air-conditioned car. Dashboard controls for the a/c, however, come later. Should the Packard's passengers get chilly, the driver must stop the engine, pop open the hood, and disconnect a compressor belt. 

1942 The United States builds its first "summer peaking" power plant made to handle the growing electrical load of air conditioning. 

1947 British scholar S.F. Markham writes, "The greatest contribution to civilization in this century may well be air-conditioning—and America leads the way." Yet somehow people still say a brilliant new idea is "the best thing since sliced bread." 

1950s In the post-World War II economic boom, residential air conditioning becomes just another way to keep up with the Joneses. More than 1 million units are sold in 1953 alone. 

1970s Window units lose cool points as central air comes along. The units consist of a condenser, coils, and a fan. Air gets drawn, passed over coils, and blasted through a home's ventilation system. R-12, commonly known as Freon-12, is used as the refrigerant. 

1994 Freon is linked to ozone depletion and banned in several countries. Auto manufacturers are required to switch to the less harmful refrigerant R134a by 1996. Brands like Honeywell and Carrier develop coolants that are more environmentally friendly. 

2003 In "Hey Ya," Andre 3000 raps, "What's cooler than being cool? Ice cold!" They aren't talking about air conditioning. 

Who Invented The Air Conditioner?

Air conditioning, as an idea, has been around since the 1800s when an inventor named Michael Faraday learned that you could cool down the heated air around you if you condensed as well as liquefied certain in-air gases when you allowed the substances to evaporate into the air. It was a very complex idea with tons and tons of study and overall, the concept remained mostly speculative.

Willis Haviland Carrier would invent the first air conditioner using concepts developed by Michael Faraday. Picture on the right shows Willis Carrier with his first working chiller.

Willis Haviland Carrier

Many years later, after a gap of people utilizing this theoretical concept, we meet a man by the name of Willis Haviland Carrier. Willis would be noted as the first man to take the concepts created by Faraday and produce the very first air conditioning unit, this was in 1902. He created this conditioner because the workers in a, funny enough, heat and humidity plant had to work in some very harsh conditions. So he made this device and put it to use for all of these men to cool them down.

How he came about inventing the AC?

The air conditioner would not only keep the men happy but it would also keep the heat from screwing around with the paper the men were working with. Nothing would mold and deteriorate if the air was maintained in quality cooling. When Carrier gave the head of this company his AC unit, he was hired onto the staff instantly and paid a lot more than other members of the staff at 10 dollars per week. Back then, that was a lot.

Father of Air conditioning

Carrier would go on to win all sorts of awards by the year 1906 for his contribution in air conditioning, and although the concept of air condition existed years before his time, he was still known as the “Father of Air conditioning”. Carrier would take this same concept and use it for future technology we hold most dear today. Not only for air conditioning but also the temperature control of refrigeration devices and overall coming up with a variety of ideas for people to keep their houses, foods, and other goodies intact and devoid of spoiling.

Air conditioning changed the world

If people are able to control the temperature of a room than that makes things a lot simpler on their part, and by the 1928, Carrier would develop the first, in-home air conditioner, which started an entirely new age of household care. Now a day, there are almost no homes without some sort of AC system installed within. Carrier created something for all of man to use during these ever changing weather conditions.

Who invented the first chair and when?

Answer:

Chairs have been found in tombs from ancient China and Egypt. They were use usually only by kings. The common man used benches, stools, and chests to sit on. A chair for the common man really began use in the 16th century. The first chair was probably made by a late stone age human, and used throughout the Sumerian Civilization.

The History of Soap Making

How Soap Came To Be There are records from the middle east that indicate people knew about soap as far back as 4000 years ago. That stuff wasn't at all like the soap we're familiar with now though. It was a gross mixture of oil and ashes. Apparently the cleaning properties of this gross mixture was discovered in Rome at about 1000 BC. According to the story, the animal fat from the animals that were sacrificed in the fire to the Roman gods ran down the sides of the altar and mixed with the ashes of the fire. In time this goopy mess found its way down to the banks of the Tiber River where women would do laundry by pounding the dirt out with rocks. What the women found was that dirt was easier to get out if the goopy junk was applied to the fabric first. The first miracle cleaner had been discovered by accident at a place near a hill called "Sapo". And so the Roman historian Pliny, gave this "gross confection" the same name as the hill. In time "sapo" became our modern word "soap". Romans only used soap in the laundry. They never used it on the skin because it was crude stuff and it could damage the skin. Soap is made by cooking fats and oils with toxic materials such as lye, caustic soda or potash. In order for the result not to be well... disgusting, you must have just the right amount of each ingredient. Too much of one raw material and the soap is greasy and won't lather. Too much of another ingredient and the soap is grainy and strong. As with all things, people began to specialize in the manufacturing of soap. The best soaps were known to come from the Castile region of Spain, where olive oil instead of animal fat as used in the making of the soap. The wealthy classes in Europe used Castile soap for hundreds of years. In the American colonies, people made their own soaps at home. They made lye by mixing burnt wood ashes with water in a bucket. The lye dripped out of holes drilled in the bottom of the bucket. They got the fat they needed from the butchering of livestock. The animal fat was melted and mixed with the lye until it formed soap. As you can imagine, it was a nauseating (and dangerous) process. In America, the first commercial soap making companies came on the scene in the early 1800s. People were happy not to have to make their soap anymore and these early soap entrepreneurs were very successful. What Soap Actually Does Your skin produces oil called: "sebum". This oil traps dirt. Since oil and water don't mix, it takes more than water to wash off this dirty sebum. That's where soap comes in. Soap will mix with oil and water. Soap molecules are made of the elements: carbon, hydrogen, sodium and or potassium. The molecules contain a long string of carbon and hydrogen atoms (sometimes called hydro-carbons) at one end and the potassium or sodium at the other. The hydrogen/carbon side of the soap molecule attracts oils and rejects water. The sodium or potassium side of the soap molecule attracts water. As a person lathers up with soap, the soap molecules move around latching onto the dirty sebum oils eventually carrying them down the drain. How Soap Is Made Making soap involves a chemical reaction. Soap is made when two chemicals are brought together. The two chemicals are classified as an acid and a base or alkali. When an acid and a base are brought together, salt is formed. Soap is essentially a salt that forms when a weak fatty acid (animal fat or vegetable oil) is brought together with a strong base such as lye. Since the fatty acid is of the "weak" variety, and the base is of the strong variety, the resulting soap tends to be on the base or alkaline side of the spectrum. Why We Stink People that do not bath regularly can be smelled from a mile away. (Ok that's an exaggeration but not much!) What's happening on their bodies is germs or bacteria are growing on their skin. These living organisms feed on the oily sebum. As they multiply they make themselves known by their unpleasant aroma. "Deodorant soap" contains a substance that kills bacteria or at least retards its growth. All things go full circle. Now days some people enjoy making soap again and many are quite good at it. These modern day soap entreprenuers are making large volumes of perfectly balanced soaps. The soaps lather well, soften your skin and are offered in a variety of popular scents. At Black Pearl Botanicals we are proud to offer some of the finest handmade soaps available that are produced to our specification by an expert soaper with years of experience. You can be sure that the bar you receive will be of the highest quality. Choose fromMonoi de Tahiti Gardenia Scented Soap or a Lavender Shea Butter Bar Soap. Visit our retail web store at www.blackpearlbotanicals.com

Who discovered Gravity?

Gravity was discovered 3 centuries ago by a mathematician and physicist named Sir Isaac Newton. He discovered that there is a specific force,which we call gravity, that is required to change the speed or direction of something that is moving. This same force he figured must cause apples to fall from trees! After researching this hypothesis he wrote the law of gravity. This law is a mathematical explanation for the way that things attract based on experiments and observations

First Airplane

A man named Otto Lilienthal inspired the Wright brothers to build their first airplane.  He glided on a hill in a big kite-type thing called a hang glider.  The brothers really liked this idea and kept thinking about it.  They remembered a toy their father brought home when they were very young.  The boys named the toy, "The Bat."  The Bat could fly and they had played with it a lot. When building airplanes, the brothers knew the plane had three requirements to meet.  It would need wings to lift it in the air, power to propel it, and a way to control it.  The Wrights had the most difficult time figuring out how to control the plane.  The plane needed to go up and down, and side to side.  Other inventors like Lilienthal and Chanute had previous success with the wings and power.  Orville and Wilbur knew that it was very important to be able to control the plane.  They knew the pilot needed to keep the plane balanced just like a person riding a bike needed to keep the bike balanced.  They thought about how a bird flies and wanted the plane to operate like a flying bird. The idea of how to make the plane steer came to Wilbur one day when he was fooling with the ends of a cardboard box.  He made a kite to test his idea that a spiral twist could make one wing tilt up and the other wing tilt down.  The brothers were very happy to see the kite with its five feet wing span could be controlled from the ground with cords running from the wing tips to sticks held upright (one string in each hand). The Wright brothers were the first people to make a motor-powered airplane that could carry one pilot.  The brothers flew their first successful plane on December 17, 1903.  The airplane could fit one person and that was the pilot.  The pilot had to lay down in the airplane.  Wilbur flew their longest flight.  It was 852 feet and was flown in 59 seconds.  On a not so fine day, the brothers were getting ready to fly again when a powerful wind came and turned over the machine that they used to control the airplane.  This was a set back for the brothers because they had to make a new machine.Visiting Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan, is a great place to learn about the Wright brothers and to see the Wright brothers' bike shop.  In the bike shop you can see a model of the first airplane they built.  The home of the Wright brothers was moved from Dayton, Ohio, to Greenfield Village.  You can visit their house there today.

The first computer was invented

Question

When was the first computer invented?

Answer

There is no easy answer to this question because of all the different classifications of computers. Therefore, this document has been created with a listing of each of the first computers starting with the first automatic computing engines leading up to the computers of today. Keep in mind that early inventions such as the abacus, calculators, and tablet machines are not accounted for in this document.

The word "computer" was first used

The word "computer" was first recorded as being used in 1613 and was originally was used to describe a person who performed calculations or computations. The definition of a computer remained the same until the end of the 19th century when it began referring to a machine that performed calculations.

First mechanical computer or automatic computing engine concept

In 1822, Charles Babbage purposed and began developing the Difference Engine, considered to be the first automatic computing engine that was capable of computing several sets of numbers and making a hard copies of the results. Unfortunately, because of funding he was never able to complete a full-scale functional version of this machine. In June of 1991, the London Science Museum completed the Difference Engine No 2 for the bicentennial year of Babbage's birth and later completed the printing mechanism in 2000.

Later, in 1837 Charles Babbage proposed the first general mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, and integrated memory and is the first general-purpose computer concept. Unfortunately, because of funding issues this computer was also never built while Charles Babbage's was alive. In 1910, Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage's youngest son was able to complete a portion of this machine and was able to perform basic calculations.

First programmable computer

The Z1, originally created by Germany's Konrad Zuse in his parents living room in 1936 to 1938 and is considered to be the first electro-mechanical binary programmable (modern) computer and really the first functional computer.

The first electric programmable computer

The Colossus was the first electric programmable computer and was developed by Tommy Flowers and first demonstrated in December 1943. The Colossus was created to help the British code breakers read encrypted German messages.

The first digital computer

Short for Atanasoff-Berry Computer, the ABC started being developed by Professor John Vincent Atanasoff and graduate student Cliff Berry in 1937 and continued to be developed until 1942 at the Iowa State College (now Iowa State University). The ABC was an electrical computer that used vacuum tubes for digital computation including binary math and Boolean logic and had no CPU. On October 19, 1973, the US Federal Judge Earl R. Larson signed his decision that the ENIAC patent by Eckert and Mauchly was invalid and named Atanasoff the inventor of the electronic digital computer.

The ENIAC was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania and began construction in 1943 and was not completed until 1946. It occupied about 1,800 square feet and used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing almost 50 tons. Although the Judge ruled that the ABC computer was the first digital computer, many still consider the ENIAC to be the first digital computer because it was fully functional.

The first stored program computer

The early British computer known as the EDSAC is considered to be the first stored program electronic computer. The computer performed its first calculation on May 6, 1949 and was the computer that ran the first graphical computer game, nicknamed "Baby".

The first computer company

The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company and was founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the same individuals who helped create the ENIAC computer. The company was later renamed to EMCC or Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation and released a series of mainframe computers under the UNIVAC name.

First stored program computer

First delivered to the United States Government in 1950, the UNIVAC 1101 or ERA 1101 is considered to be the first computer that was capable of storing and running a program from memory.

First commercial computer

In 1942, Konrad Zuse begin working on the Z4, which later became the first commercial computer after being sold to Eduard Stiefel a mathematician of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich on July 12, 1950.

The first PC (IBM compatible) computer

On April 7, 1953 IBM publicly introduced the 701, its first electric computer and first mass produced computer. Later IBM introduced its first personal computer called the IBM PC in 1981. The computer was code named and still sometimes referred to as the Acorn and had a 8088 processor, 16 KB of memory, which was expandable to 256 and utilizing MS-DOS.

The first computer with RAM

 MIT introduces the Whirlwind machine on March 8, 1955, a revolutionary computer that was the first digital computer with magnetic core RAM and real-time graphics.

The first transistor computer

The TX-O (Transistorized Experimental computer) is the first transistorized computer to be demonstrated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1956.

The first minicomputer

In 1960, Digital Equipment Corporation released its first of many PDP computers the PDP-1.

The first mass-market PC

In 1968, Hewlett Packard began marketing the first mass-marketed PC, the HP 9100A.

The first workstation

Although it was never sold, the first workstation is considered to be the Xerox Alto, introduced in 1974. The computer was revolutionary for its time and included a fully functional computer, display, and mouse. The computer operated like many computers today utilizing windows, menus and icons as an interface to its operating system.

The first microprocessor

Intel introduces the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 on November 15, 1971.

The first personal computer

In 1975, Ed Roberts coined the term "personal computer" when he introduced the Altair 8800. Although the first personal computer is considered by many to be the Kenback-1, which was first introduced for $ 750 in 1971. The computer relied on a series of switches for inputting data and output data by turning on and off a series of lights.

The Micral is considered the be the first commercial non-assembly computer. The computer used the Intel 8008 processor and sold for $ 1,750 in 1973.

The first laptop or portable computer

The IBM 5100 is the first portable computer, which was released on September 1975. The computer weighed 55 pounds and had a five inch CRT display, tape drive, 1.9MHz PALM processor, and 64KB of RAM. In the picture to the right, is an ad of the IBM 5100 taken from a November 1975 issue of Scientific America.

The first truly portable computer or laptop is considered to be the Osborne I, which was released on April 1981 and developed by Adam Osborne. The Osborne I weighed 24.5 pounds, had a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, two 5 1/4 "floppy drives, ran the CP / M 2.2 operating system, included a modem, and cost US $ 179.

The IBM PC Division (PCD) later released the IBM portable in 1984, it's first portable computer that weighed in at 30 pounds. Later in 1986, IBM PCD announced it's first laptop computer, the PC Convertible, weighing 12 pounds. Finally, in 1994, IBM introduced the IBM ThinkPad 775CD, the first notebook with an integrated CD-ROM.

The first Apple computer

Steve Wozniak designed the first Apple known as the Apple I computer in 1976.

The first PC clone

The Compaq Portable is considered to be the first PC clone and was release in March 1983 by Compaq. The Compaq Portable was 100% compatible with IBM computers and was capable of running any software developed for IBM computers.

See the below other major computer companies first for other IBM compatible computers

The first multimedia computer

In 1992, Tandy Radio Shack becomes one of the first companies to release a computer based on the MPC standard with its introduction of the M2500 XL / 2 and M4020 SX computers.

Other major computer company firsts

Below is a listing of some of the major computers companies first computers.

Compaq - In March 1983, Compaq released its first computer and the first 100% IBM compatible computer the "Compaq Portable."

Dell - In 1985, Dell introduced its first computer, the "Turbo PC."

Hewlett Packard - In 1966, Hewlett Packard released its first general computer, the "HP-2115."

NEC - In 1958, NEC builds its first computer the "NEAC 1101."

Toshiba - In 1954, Toshiba introduces its first computer, the "TAC" digital computer